Purpose: This study (a) examined the model of sport character and (b) identified effects of influences on sport character model reflecting cognitive processes in student-athletes. Methods: Participants were 350 student-athletes (male = 295, female=55) in 12 sports and this study used four measures such as Sport Character Scale, the Caring Climate Scale, the Perceived motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Data were analysed by using descriptive analysis, reliability, correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: First, the basic path model of sport character indicated significant causal effects. Model fit indices were acceptable (CFI=.916, TLI=.881, RMSEA=.087, SRMR=.056). Second, the conditional model with influences factors including motivational climate, caring climate, and achievement goal orientation was examined. Mastery climate showed positive relationship with sportspersonship and performance climate was positively related to antisocial attitude. Caring climate positively influenced on antisocial attitude while it revealed non-significant relationship with sportspersonship. Goal orientations with task and ego orientation indicated non-significant effects with sport character. Model fit indices with the conditional model were good (CFI=.918, TLI=.898, RMSEA=.072, SRMR=.053). Conclusion: This study not only verified structural developmental processes of the sport character model, but also extended the basic structural path model into the conditional model with situational and personal influences in student-athletes of middle and high school. This would contribute to giving useful information and extending the research regarding sport character.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult athletes. To this end, we explored the psychological experiences in training and daily life in the COVID-19 pandemic, and coping strategies and necessary supports. Methods: A pilot study was conducted on the psychological experiences caused by COVID-19 in 12 athletes, and the main survey collected data from 115 college and professional athletes through an online selective/open-ended questionnaire, and interviewed with 6 athletes. The main elements of the open-ended response were derived through the open-axial-selective coding process. Results: The athletes were mainly feeling negative emotions such as anxiety, and positive emotions such as relaxation. In terms of training in the COVID-19 situation, athletes had negative experiences of losing competition sense, decrease training motivation, and worries of career and re-signed. And the athletes were having positive experiences such as being afford, an opportunity to practice insufficient skills, and an opportunity to physical self-management. Losing competition sense, sense of loss, worries of lack of training, worries about career and contract were negative psychological effects of COVID-19, while afford, reduction of competition pressure, opportunities for self-management, and opportunities for individual training were positive psychological effects of COVID-19. The coping strategies of athletes in the COVID-19 were personal training, psychological strategy, physical self-management, and compliance with prevention rules. In addition, athletes needed an appropriate training environment, clear schedule, economic support, and psychological support. Conclusion: This study identified the athlete’s emotional experience, barriers of training, psychological impact, coping strategies, and necessary support in COVID-19 pandemic. These findings are expected to be an important data in establishing the effective direction of athlete support in the future.

Purpose: In this study, college athletes placed in COVID-19 applied the Acceptance-Commitment Training(ACT) program as a way to manage stress. It aims to obtain psychological flexibility to provide efficient stress management and sports coping methods, and to support the lives of better athletes through psychological support. Methods: The training program for stress management is organized by identifying athlete stress on COVID-19 and applying six key mechanisms of acceptance-commitment training. The program was conducted on untact online method using ZOOM for 60 minutes twice and 10 times a week for six college athletes. To evaluate the effectiveness of the training program, Korean perceived stress Scale(PSS-K) and Korean Athlete Sport Coping Scale(KASCS) were quantitatively evaluated, and work-sheets and training records were documented and analyzed as phenomenological study among qualitative assessments. Results: The phenomenological study of qualitative analysis of the ACT program was divided into 17 meaningful statements and 7 subcomponents. It was categorized into three components: ‘Identifying Your Stress in Training and Daily Life for COVID-19, Change in Response and Perception of Stress, Positive Experience and Meaning of ACT’. Quantitative analysis showed significant differences in sports coping, and detailed factors showed statistically significant differences in problem-focused coping. PSS-K showed a decrease in stress perception scores. Conclusion: Acceptance-commitment training programs have been validated as appropriate psychological training for stress management in athletes. It is also significant in that it is the first attempt at sports psychological training with untact online methods.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to help elite retired female athletes in their 30s find the values they want to pursue and choose a job that can be sustained in the future, and to present an integrated career counseling program for sports players’ career change. Methods: The study subjects selected a total of six people using the snowball sampling method by purpose sampling, all of whom are women. Based on the CAP+ program, the program organized the Career Group Counseling Program (CCCP) for the career transition of elite retired female athletes in their 30s through the online platform (ZOOM). This study applied the Mixed search methods, which applied qualitative and quantitative methods as single-case research. Results: The results show that Self and occupational factors appeared for career change. Self-factor influenced the sense of career identity of quantitative research results with the perception of oneself and others, and the lower factors were judged to have improved, and showed differences in ability and confidence factors. Occupational factors appeared divided into career information and career planning. The perception of these professions has resulted in an improved change in the factors of career preparation. And Career maturity factors only showed differences in career-oriented factors. Conclusion: The study showed that the CAP+career group counseling program works and has a positive effect on both players who are scheduled to retire or are retired. As shown in the results, a comprehensive inspection of the career identity and career preparation behavior of sports players is required. In order to improve career preparation behavior, I believe that career education measures should be prepared in advance so that not only exercise but also career preparation plans for a wide range of jobs and related fields can be systematically carried out. In addition, customized education tailored to the athletes’ environment will have to come up with measures to promote non-face-to-face education on an online platform where athletes and sports players from various regions can be together in an easy and comfortable place.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of athlete identity suitable for elite korean athletes in order to improve the problems of the AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale) developed for foreign athletes with differences in sports environment and culture. Methods: In order to explore the athlete's identity, the research participants' experiences during their careers were examined through in-depth interviews. The collected data was analyzed using inductive category analysis, and the subject categories were created and meaningful during the analysis process. Results: 1) In addition to the three factors (social identity, exclusivity, negative emotions) of the existing AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale), the athlete identity of elite korean athletes were diverse, comprising seven factors (physical competence, mental toughness, self-esteem, social identity, negative emotion, insufficiency, isolation). Conclusion: In addition to the three factors of the limited sub-constitutional concept of the AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale) developed for foreign athletes, the complex and diverse athlete identities unique to elite korean athletes due to the characteristics of the Korean sports environment were determined. These resultes suggested that athletic identity might not general across different cultures and should be examined specific to unique sport environments.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of athlete identity suitable for elite korean athletes in order to improve the problems of the AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale) developed for foreign athletes with differences in sports environment and culture. Methods: In order to explore the athlete's identity, the research participants' experiences during their careers were examined through in-depth interviews. The collected data was analyzed using inductive category analysis, and the subject categories were created and meaningful during the analysis process. Results: 1) In addition to the three factors (social identity, exclusivity, negative emotions) of the existing AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale), the athlete identity of elite korean athletes were diverse, comprising seven factors (physical competence, mental toughness, self-esteem, social identity, negative emotion, insufficiency, isolation). Conclusion: In addition to the three factors of the limited sub-constitutional concept of the AIMS(Athlete Identity Measurement Scale) developed for foreign athletes, the complex and diverse athlete identities unique to elite korean athletes due to the characteristics of the Korean sports environment were determined. These resultes suggested that athletic identity might not general across different cultures and should be examined specific to unique sport environments.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential applicability of visual occlusion training as a physical intervention by comparing the accuracy of perceptual distance and actual performance distance according to visual occlusion training and visual allowance training. Methods: 36 male college students with no previous experience in golf participated in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to one of three groups; visual occlusion training group, visual allowance training group, and control group. In the pre-test, participants performed a total of 15 putts once at each distance (1-15m). In the block 1, 2, 3, a total of 90 putts were performed twice for each distance in each block. After the block practice, the post-test was conducted in the same way as the pre-test. The absolute error value for putting performance was used to analyze the accuracy of perceptual distance and actual performance distance. Results: Visual occlusion training and visual allowance training groups were significantly higher than control group in the accuracy of perceptual and actual performance distance. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that visual occlusion and visual allowance training can enhance perceptual judgment and skill performance, in particular, the potential applicability of visual occlusion training as an effective physical intervention for combining with visual allowance training.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate of gaze entropy on expertise of bowling performance. Methods: The participants (N=10) were assigned to one of the groups defined by expertise levels which were comprised of 5 novices and 5 experts. Tasks were to throw a bowling ball into 10 pins on a alley accurately after wearing the eye tracker. Results: For the purpose of this study, data analysis on first-order transition frequency and gaze entropy were used for exploring consistency and complexness. Independent sample t-test was used for comparison between experts and novice. Result indicated that novice had frequent visual transitions from pins to guard spots as compared with expert. Also, expert had lower gaze entropy than novice. Conclusion: This results suggest that there are different gaze processing strategies on expertise levels. Specifically, experts might recognize their information and perform bowling tasks efficiently with consistent visual patterns showing lower gaze entropy.